Refrigerator

Refrigerator - a device that supports a low temperature in a thermally insulated chamber. Usually used for storing food or items that should be kept in a cool place. Household refrigerator has almost every family in the developed countries. The work is based on the use of the refrigerator cooling unit, which transfers heat from the refrigerator out of the working chamber, where it is dissipated into the environment. There are also commercial refrigerators with a larger cooling capacity, which are used in catering and in shops and industrial refrigerators, the volume of the chamber which can be tens or hundreds of cubic meters, they are used, for example, meat processing plants, factories. Refrigerators can be divided into two types: medium-temperature chamber for food storage and low temperature freezers. Freezer - a separate unit or part of the refrigerator, intended for freezing and storing food. The temperature in the freezer is usually -18 ° C. Recently, the most widely used refrigerator, incorporating both components. The first two-compartment refrigerators were produced by History of the Storage space for products that fill with ice, there were several thousand years ago. For Nero servants harvested on frozen ponds in the mountains of snow and ice. Southern Europe for a long time did not even know that snow and ice can be useful in the economy. The famous traveler and merchant Marco Polo after a long stay in China, wrote a book in which he described all the advantages of ice and snow. From the XVIII century container of pottery and porcelain bottles filled with wine, and then stacked on top of crushed ice. Kind of

Modigliani

Modigliani (Iedidiya) Clemente Modigliani (Italian Amedeo Clemente Modigliani; July 12, 1884, Livorno, Italy - January 24, 1920, Paris, France) - Italian painter and sculptor, one of the most famous artists of the late XIX - early XX century, a brilliant representative of expressionism .

Modigliani grew up in Italy, where he studied classical art and creative artists of the Renaissance, until in 1906 it moved to Paris. In Paris, he met with such great artists as Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brancusi, had a major influence on his work. Modigliani had poor health - he often suffered from a lung disease and the age of 35 died of tuberculosis. The life of the artist known only from a few reliable sources.
Modigliani heritage are mainly paintings and sketches, but from 1909 to 1914, he worked primarily on sculptures. As for the paintings and the sculpture, Modigliani was the main motive people. In addition preserved some landscapes; still lifes and genre paintings were not interested in the character of the artist. Modigliani often turned to the works of the representatives of the Renaissance, as well as popular at the time of African art. At the same time, Modigliani art can not be attributed to any of the modern trends of the time, such as Cubism and Fauvism. Because of this, consider the work of Modigliani's art apart from the main currents of the time. During the life of Modigliani had no success and became popular only after his death - at the last auction, "Sotheby's" in 2010, two paintings by Modigliani were sold at record prices for its heritage - 60.6 and 68.9 million

Venice

Venice (Italian: Venezia, veins. Venesia) - a town in northern Italy, on the Adriatic Sea. Best known for the fact that the historical part is located on the islands and channels. In the Middle Ages, Venice was the center of the Republic of Venice, one of the most important states in the Mediterranean. Now a major tourist and industrial center, the capital of the Veneto region and the province of Venice. Population - 270.4 thousand people (2009).
Geographical position
The port on the Adriatic Sea (turnover of over 21 million tons per year), International Airport Marco Polo.
The historic center is located on 118 islands in the Venetian lagoon, separated by 150 canals and channels through which airlifted some 400 bridges (including the Rialto and the so-called Bridge of Sighs, both belong to the end of the XVI century).
Industrial and port of Venice (Mestre) mainland. Shipbuilding and repair, non-ferrous metallurgy, petroleum, chemical, electrical, light industry. Craftwork art glass (Murano, Museum), lace (Burano Island), mosaics. University Conservatory of Music (1916). Museums (including the Academy Gallery of Art). The first public opera house (1637-1812), the opera "La Fenice" (1792).

Volcanoes

Volcanoes - geological formation on the surface of the crust or another planet's crust where magma comes to the surface, forming a lava, volcanic gases, rocks (volcanic bombs) and pyroclastic flows.
The word "volcano" comes from the name of the Roman god of fire Vulcan.
The science that studies volcanoes - volcanology, geomorphology.
Volcanoes are classified by form (thyroid, stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, domes), activity (active, dormant, extinct), location (surface, underwater, subglacial), etc.
Volcanic activity
Volcanoes are divided according to the degree of volcanic activity on existing, dormant, extinct and dormant. Active volcano is considered to be a volcano erupted in the historical period of time or in the Holocene. The concept of an active rather inaccurate, since the volcano with active fumaroles, some scientists refer to the active, and some to the extinct. Dormant volcanoes are considered non-performing, which may eruption, and extinct - in that they are unlikely.
However, among volcanologists no consensus about how to define an active volcano. Period of volcanic activity may last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes exhibit volcanic activity several thousand years ago, but now are not considered valid.

Salvador Dali

Salvador Dali (full name Salvador Domenech Felipe Jacint Dali Domenech, Marquis de Pubol, App. Salvador Domènec Felip Jacint Dalí i Domènech, Marqués de Dalí de Púbol; May 11, 1904 - January 23, 1989) - Spanish painter, draftsman, sculptor, filmmaker and writer. One of the most famous representatives of surrealism.
He worked on the film, "Un Chien Andalou", "Golden Age", "Bewitched." Author of "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, told by himself" (1942), "Diary of a Genius» (1952-1963), Oui: The Paranoid-Critical Revolution (1927-33) and the essay "The Tragic Myth Angelus Millet."
Childhood
Salvador Dali was born on May 11, 1904 in the town of Figueres, Girona, the son of a prosperous notary. The nationality of Catalan, see themselves as such, and insisted that its features. Had a sister and brother (October 12, 1901 - August 1, 1903), who died of meningitis. Later, at the age of 5 years, on his grave, my parents told Salvador that he - the reincarnation of his older brother.
In childhood. Dali was smart, but arrogant and uncontrollable child. Once he even started a scandal at the market square for candy around the crowd and the police asked the shopkeeper to open it during siesta and give a naughty boy, did this sweetness. He achieved his whims and simulation, always wanted to stand out and attract attention. Numerous complexes and phobias (fear of grasshoppers [1] and others [which?]) Allowed him to engage in a regular school, meet with the children the usual bonds of friendship and sympathy. But, like any other person, experiencing sensory deprivation, he was looking for emotional contact with children in any way, trying to get used to their team, if not as a friend, then in any other role, or rather the sole, as he could - as a shocking and disobedient child, strange, eccentric, always acting against the

Phone

Phone (ancient Greek. Τῆλε «far" and φωνή «voice", "sound") - a device to send and receive sound in the distance. Modern phones carried by the transmission of electrical signals.
Nonelectric "telephone"
Overall, the phone - is any device capable of transmitting sound over long distances. Most first telephones were mechanical devices that are based on sound propagation in continuous media (air) or other physical means, as opposed to electric devices using electromagnetic signals.
According to a letter to «Peking Gazette», in 968, a Chinese inventor Kung-Fu-wing created thumtsein, which is likely to transmit sound through the pipes. Talking through pipes used today in the transmission of sound over short distances between fixed points (on ships, companies, etc.).
"Rope phone" is also known for centuries. There are two diaphragms connected with string or wire.
Electric phone
Millennium after millennium people communicate only by using sound propagation in a continuous medium - air. To send messages over long distances use primitive methods, such as whistles, gongs or drums. An invention is a device that transmit and receive audio would use the properties of electricity, preceded the

London

London (born London [lʌndən] (i)) - a town in England, the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Administrative forms Greater London region, which consists of the ceremonial county of Greater London and the City.
Population - 8.2 million people (2011), the largest city in the European Union. Forms a conurbation 'Greater London', within the metropolitan zone population of over 12 million people. Located in the south-east of the United Kingdom, on the banks of the River Thames, about 80 km from the North Sea.
One of the global cities, competing with New York for the title of the world's leading financial center. River and sea ports and six airports, the world's oldest underground. There are more than 40 universities. Location of the British Museum, and the largest in the world at the British Library.
The historic center of the area so Westminster and the City of, which adjoins the medieval Tower of London. In the Fire of 1666, the city was heavily damaged.
Founded under the name Londinium Romans soon after their invasion of Britain in 43 AD. In the XI-XII centuries, became the capital of England. At the beginning of XVIII century became the capital of the United Kingdom and the largest city in Europe. From 1825 to 1925 was the largest city in the world. Since XVI to XX century was the capital of British
The Roman period
Londinium was founded by the Romans soon after their invasion of Britain in the summer of '43. Settlement on the north bank of the Thames at the confluence of the rivers Uolbruk was to protect the wooden bridge built over the River Thames. The Romans probably moved from the coast inland to the sea on the ancient road, pass through the ford near the modern Westminster Bridge.

Picasso

Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Mártir Patricio Ruiz y Picasso; October 25, 1881, Málaga, Spain - April 8, 1973, Mougins, France) - Spanish painter, sculptor, graphic artist, ceramist and designer.
The founder of Cubism (with Georges Braque and Juan Gris), in which the body of three-plane in the original manner pictured as a series of planes combined together. Picasso worked as a graphic artist, sculptor, ceramist, and so bring to life a lot of imitators, and had an exceptional impact on the development of fine arts in the XX century. According to the assessment of the Museum of Modern Art (New York), for his life Picasso created about 20,000 .
Experts called Picasso's most "expensive" artist - in 2008 the only official sales of his work has made 262 million dollars. [4] May 4, 2010 Picasso's "Nude, Green Leaves and Bust," sold at Christie of 106,482,000 dollars, became the most expensive work of art ever sold in the world.
In a survey of 1.4 million readers, conducted by The Times in 2009, Picasso was the best artist of living over the last 100 years. His works are in first place on "popularity" of the kidnappers
Childhood and years of education
According to the Spanish tradition, he got two names for the first surname of parents: father - and mother Ruiz - Picasso. Full name which the future artist was baptized - Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Ruiz Picasso. The

Black Sea

Black Sea - an inland sea basin of the Atlantic. Bosphorus Strait connects the Marmara Sea, then through the Dardanelles (the straits often called the Black Sea straits) - the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. Kerch Strait connects the Sea of ​​Azov. From the north to the sea cut deep into the Crimean peninsula. On the surface of the Black Sea water is the border between Europe and Asia Minor.
 Physical map of the Black Sea
The area of ​​the Black Sea - 422 000 km ²  (according to other sources - 436 400 km ² ). The outlines of the Black Sea resemble the oval with the greatest axis of about 1150 km. The greatest extent of the sea from north to south - 580 km. Maximum depth - 2210 m , the average - 1240 The volume of water in the sea is 555 km3.  A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is complete (except for a number of anaerobic bacteria), the absence of life at depths of 150-200 m due to the saturation of the deep layers of water with hydrogen sulfide.
The sea washes the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, the partially recognized Abkhazia and Georgia (areas located around the sea, traditionally referred to as the term "Black Sea").
Black Sea - an important area of ​​transportation, as well as one of the largest resort areas in Eurasia. In addition, the Black Sea remains an important strategic and military importance. In Sevastopol and Novorossiysk are the main military base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol and Novoozerne - Naval Forces of Ukraine, in Sinop and Samsun based grouping of the Black Sea Navy of Turkey, in Varna - Bulgaria's Navy, Poti and Batumi - Georgian Navy (currently time - the Department of State of the Coast Guard of the Border Police of Georgia , in Constanta and Mangalia - Navy Romania.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, full name Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Theophilus Mozart (German Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgang Theophilus Mozart [vɔlfɡaŋ amadeus mo ː tsaʁt] German pronunciation of the name (inf.) January 27, 1756, Salzburg - December 5, 1791, Vienna) - Austrian composer, conductor, virtuoso violinist, harpsichordist, organist. According to contemporary accounts, had an extraordinary ear for music, memory, and ability to improvise. Mozart is widely recognized as one of the greatest composers of its uniqueness lies in the fact that he has worked in all musical forms of his time and all achieved the highest success.  Along with Haydn and Beethoven, among the most important representatives of the Viennese classical school.
Biography
Mozart was born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, then the capital of the former Archbishop of Salzburg, the city is now in Austria. On the second day after birth, he was baptized at St. Rupert. In the book of baptisms gives its name to the Latin as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus (Gottlieb) Mozart. In this name, the first two words - the name of St. John Chrysostom, is not used in everyday life, and the fourth in Mozart's life varied: Lat. Amadeus, it. Gottlieb, Italian. Amadeo, which means "beloved of God." Mozart himself preferred to be called Wolfgang.
Mozart's musical talent emerged at an early age, when he was about three years. His father Leopold was one of Europe's leading music teachers. His book, "The experience of a solid school of violin playing" (German Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule) was published in 1756 - the year of Mozart's birth, has withstood many editions and was translated into many languages, including Russian. Wolfgang's father taught the basics of playing the harpsichord, violin and organ.

Berlin

Berlin (German: Berlin [bɛɐ̯li ː n]) - the capital of Germany, the largest and most populated city in Germany. After London Berlin - the second in terms of population and the fifth area of ​​the city the EU. Berlin - one of the 16 states in the Federal Republic of Germany. The city is situated on the banks of the Spree (connected with this "nickname" of Berlin «Spree-Athen» - «Athens on the Spree") and Havel in the center of the federal state of Brandenburg, of which it is not (since 1920).
Around 1200 on the site of modern Berlin offers two trading settlement - Cologne and Berlin. The exact date of receipt of the rights of the urban unknown. Cologne city rights were first mentioned in 1237, the city rights of Berlin - in 1244. In 1307 the city joined together to form the overall city government. In 1400 the combined population of Berlin was 8000. The historical name of "Cologne" is reflected in the title of the Berlin district of Neukölln.
Berlin was the capital margraviate / Electorate of Brandenburg (since 1417), Prussia (Brandenburg Electorate after the merger with the Duchy of Prussia), and after the creation of the German Empire became its capital.
After World War II, in accordance with the decisions of the Yalta Conference in Berlin, although located in the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany was divided into four victorious powers to the occupation sectors. Later, three sectors have been transformed Allied occupation in West Berlin, was admitted as a special public education, but certainly closely associated with Germany. Movement between sectors of Berlin for a long time remained free and in order to prevent leakage of the population in the western sector of the GDR government decided on the construction of the Berlin Wall, is surrounded on August 13, 1961 West Berlin. The Berlin Wall, which has become one of the main symbols of the Cold War, lasted until 1989. After the unification of Germany in 1990, it became the capital of a reunited Berlin. In 1994 he moved there from

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (German: Ludwig van Beethoven, the original emphasis otherwise - Beethoven: [lu ː t.vɪç fan be ː t. ˌ ho ː f (ə) n] (inf.), baptized December 17, 1770, Bonn, Westphalia - March 26, 1827, Vienna, archduchy Austria) - German composer, conductor and pianist, one of the three "Viennese classics."
Beethoven - a key figure in Western classical music, between classicism and romanticism, one of the most respected and performed composers in the world. He wrote in all existed in his time, genres, including opera, music, dramatic performances, choral works. The most significant of his legacy are considered instrumental works: piano, violin and cello sonatas, concertos for piano, violin, string quartets, overtures, symphonies. Beethoven's creativity has had a significant impact on the symphony XIX and XX centuries.
Biography
Ludwig van Beethoven was born in December 1770 in Bonn. The exact date of birth is not installed, presumably it on December 16, is known only to the date of baptism - 17th December 1770 in Bonn, in the Catholic church of St. Remigius. His father, Johann (Johann van Beethoven, 1740-1792) was a singer, a tenor, in the court chapel, mother of Mary Magdalene, before her marriage Kever (Maria Magdalena Keverich, 1748-1787), was the daughter of a court chef in Koblenz, they married in 1767. Grandfather