The founder of Cubism (with Georges Braque and Juan Gris), in which the body of three-plane in the original manner pictured as a series of planes combined together. Picasso worked as a graphic artist, sculptor, ceramist, and so bring to life a lot of imitators, and had an exceptional impact on the development of fine arts in the XX century. According to the assessment of the Museum of Modern Art (New York), for his life Picasso created about 20,000 .
Experts called Picasso's most "expensive" artist - in 2008 the only official sales of his work has made 262 million dollars. [4] May 4, 2010 Picasso's "Nude, Green Leaves and Bust," sold at Christie of 106,482,000 dollars, became the most expensive work of art ever sold in the world.
In a survey of 1.4 million readers, conducted by The Times in 2009, Picasso was the best artist of living over the last 100 years. His works are in first place on "popularity" of the kidnappers
Childhood and years of education
According to the Spanish tradition, he got two names for the first surname of parents: father - and mother Ruiz - Picasso. Full name which the future artist was baptized - Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Ruiz Picasso. The
house on the square malagskoy Merced where Picasso was born, now houses the museum-house of the artist and the foundation that bears his name.
Picasso started painting since childhood, the first lessons of artistic skill he received from his father - a drawing teacher Jose Ruiz Blasco, and soon much succeeded. At 8 years old he wrote his first major oil painting, Picador, from which he was inseparable throughout their lives.
In 1891, Don Jose was appointed teacher of drawing in Corunna, and the young Pablo and his family moved to the north of Spain. Here, he studied in the local art school (1894-1895).
Then the family moved to Barcelona, and in 1895 Picasso entered the School of Fine Arts of La Lonja. Pablo executed only fourteen, so he was too young to enter the La Lonja. But at the urging of his father, he was admitted to the entrance examinations on a competitive basis. Picasso brilliantly passes all the tests and entered the La Lonja. First, he signed his name on his father Ruiz Blasco, but then selects the name of the mother - Picasso.
In early October 1897 Picasso moved to Madrid, where he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando.
Picasso returned to Barcelona in June 1898, where he joined the Art Society «Els Quatre Gats», under the name of the bohemian café with round tables. In this cafe will host its first exhibition. In Barcelona, he became close friends with his future Kasahemasom Carlos and Jaime Subartesom that became the characters of his paintings.
"Blue" and "pink" periods
In 1900, Picasso and his friend, the artist Kasahemasom went to Paris. It was there that he met Pablo Picasso, the works of impressionists. His life at this time was fraught with many difficulties, and suicide Carlos Kasahemasa deep impression on the young Picasso.
Under these circumstances, in early 1902 he began to work in a style later called "blue period." This style of Picasso worked on his return to Barcelona in 1903-1904. In the works of this period of pronounced themes of aging and death, is characterized by poverty, melancholy and sadness ("Woman with a tuft of hair," 1903, Picasso thought - "who is sad, he is sincere"), slowed the movement of people, they seem to listen to how you ( "The Absinthe Drinker", 1901, "A woman with a chignon", 1901, "Rendezvous", 1902, "Poor old man with a boy", 1903, "The Tragedy", 1903). The palette is dominated by the master blue shades. Showing human suffering during this period Picasso painted blind beggars, alcoholics and prostitutes. Their pale, somewhat elongated bodies reminiscent of the paintings of the Spanish artist El Greco.
The product of the transition period - from "blue" to "pink" - "Girl on the Ball" (1905, Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow).
In 1904, Picasso moved to Paris, where he finds refuge in the famous Montmartre hostel for poor artists Bateau Lavoir: begins the so-called "pink period" in which the sorrow and misery "blue period" change the image of a living world of theater and circus. Artist preferred pink gold and pink-gray tones, and the characters were mostly roving performers - clowns, dancers and acrobats, paintings of this period are imbued with the spirit of the tragic loneliness of the dispossessed, the romantic life of itinerant comedians ("Family acrobat with a monkey", 1905).
Cubism
From experiments with color and mood transmission Picasso turned to the analysis of the form: a deliberate distortion and degradation of nature ("the girls Avignon", 1907), one-sided interpretation of Cezanne and African sculpture passion lead him to a completely new genre. Along with Georges Braque, who met in 1907, Picasso became the ancestor of cubism - an artistic movement, which rejects the tradition of naturalism and figurative-cognitive function of art.
Picasso focused on the transformation of geometric shapes in blocks ("Factory in Horta de Ebro", 1909), and increases the amount of breaks ("Portrait of Fernande Olivier", 1909), dissecting them on a plane and faces going on in space, which he considers solid, inevitably limited picture plane ("Portrait of Kahnweiler," 1910). The prospect of disappearing, the palette tends to be monochrome, and even though the original purpose of Cubism was, to give more than using traditional methods, to reproduce the feeling of space and gravity of the masses, Picasso often being incomprehensible riddles. To return the connection to reality, Picasso and Georges Braque introduced into his paintings typographic font, the elements of "bogus" and coarse materials - wallpaper, pieces of newspapers, matchboxes. Begin to dominate the still lifes, mostly with musical instruments, pipes and a box of tobacco notes, bottles of wine, and so on - the attributes inherent artistic bohemian lifestyle of the century. In the song are "cubistic cryptography": encrypted numbers, houses, pieces of beloved names, street names, zucchini. Collage technique combines cubist faces of the prism in the big plane ("Guitar and Violin", 1913), or communicated in a relaxed and humorous manner the discoveries made in 1910-1913 ("Girl", 1914). The "synthetic" period appears the desire for harmonization of color, balanced compositions, which sometimes fit into an oval. Actually Cubist period in Picasso's work ends shortly after the First World War, sharing it with Georges Braque. Although in their major works the artist uses some cubist techniques until 1921 ("Three Musicians," 1921).
Surrealism
In 1925 he started one of the most complex and irregular periods in the work of Picasso. After epicurean elegance of the 1920s ("The Dance"), Picasso creates an atmosphere of hysteria and convulsions, hallucinations, surreal world, which can be explained partly by the influence of surrealist poets, who have shown in some drawings, poems written in 1935, and a play that was created during the war . For several years, the imagination of Picasso seemed, could only create monsters, some torn apart by creatures ("Seated Bather", 1929), yelling ("The woman in the chair", 1929), inflated to the absurd and formless ("Bather", drawing , 1927) or implement metamorphic and aggressive-erotic images ("Figures on the beach," 1931). Despite the somewhat quieter works that are in terms of the most important scenic, stylistically it was very changeable period ("The Girl in the mirror," 1932). Women are the main victims of his cruel vagaries of the unconscious, perhaps, because he Picasso bad graces of his own wife or because the simple beauty of Marie-Therese Walter, whom he met in March 1932, inspired by his blatant sensuality ("The Mirror" , 1932). It has also become a model for several serene and majestic sculptural busts, executed in 1932 in the castle Buazhelu, which he bought in 1930. In the years 1930-1934 it was in the sculpture expresses the whole vitality of Picasso: busts and female nudes, which sometimes significantly influence Matisse ("Reclining Woman", 1932), animals, small figures in the spirit of surrealism ("man with a bouquet", 1934) and especially metal construction, with semi-abstract, polurealnye shape and designs sometimes of coarse materials (it creates them with the help of his friend, Spanish sculptor Julio Gonzalez - "Design", 1931). Along with these strange and severe forms, prints by Picasso to the "Metamorphoses" of Ovid (1930) show the constancy of its classical inspiration.
"Guernica" and pacifism
In 1937, the likes of Picasso - on the Republican side, fighting in Spain (aquatint series "Dreams and Lies of General Fránko", printed in the form of cards, throw the planes over the positions of Franco). In April 1937, German and Italian aircraft bombed and destroyed the small town of Gernika Basque - a cultural and political center of the life of this freedom-loving people. Two months Picasso created his "Guernica" - a huge canvas, which was put in the national pavilion of Spain at the World Exhibition in Paris. The light and dark monochromatic colors like convey a sense of the flashes of fire. In the center, like a frieze, in combinatorics cubist-surrealist elements are shown to the fallen soldiers, a woman ran up to him and wounded horse. The main theme associated imagery weeping woman with the dead child and the bull behind her and a female figure in the flames with her hands upraised. In the darkness of a small square, over which hangs a lantern stretched a long arm with a lamp - symbol of hope.
The horror that gripped the threat of barbarism Picasso looming over Europe, his fear of war and fascism, the artist expressed directly, but gave his paintings a disturbing tone and gloom ("Fishing at Antibes night," 1939), sarcasm, bitterness, which are not affected only children's portraits ("Maya and her doll", 1938). Once again, women are the main victims of this overall gloomy mood. Among them - Dora Maar, with which the artist became close in 1936, and a beautiful face which he warped and distorted grimaces ("Weeping Woman," 1937). Never has the artist's misogyny is not expressed with such bitterness, topped ridiculous hats, face, shown in full face and in profile, wild, broken, then dissected the body, swollen to monstrous proportions, and their parts are connected to the burlesque form ("Morning Serenade", 1942 ). German occupation could not, of course, scare Picasso, who remained in Paris from 1940 to 1944. It also does not weaken his work: portraits, sculpture ("The Man with the Lamb"), poor still lifes, which are sometimes expressed with deep tragedy all hopelessness era ("Still Life with bovine skull," 1942).
In 1944, Picasso became a member of the French Communist Party. Humanistic views Picasso manifest in his work: in 1950 he painted the famous "Dove of Peace".
After the war
Postwar Picasso's work can be called happy, and he approaches the young Francoise Gilot, whom he met in 1945 and who gave him two children, thus giving its many fascinating topics of family pictures. He left Paris for the south of France, discovers the joy of sun, beach and sea. Works created in the years 1945-1955, a very Mediterranean in spirit, characterized by its idyllic atmosphere of pagan antiquity and the return of sentiment, which are embodied in paintings and drawings created in late 1946 in the halls of Antibes, which later became the Picasso Museum ("Joy life ").
The fall of 1947 Picasso began working in a factory, "Madura" in Vallauris, enthusiastic challenges crafts and manual labor, he performs a variety of dishes, decorative plates, jugs and anthropomorphic figurines in the form of animals ("Centaur", 1958), sometimes more in the manner of archaic , but always full of charm and wit. Particularly important in this period of sculpture ("Pregnant Woman", 1950). Some of them ("The Goat", 1950, "A monkey with a baby", 1952), made of random materials (belly goat made out of an old basket) and are masterpieces of art assemblage. In 1953, Françoise Gilot, Picasso divided. This was the beginning for the artist heavy moral crisis that echoes in a remarkable series of drawings, executed between the end of 1953 and the end of winter 1954, in which Picasso's own way, puzzling and ironic, expressed bitterness of old age and his skepticism about the very painting. In 1954, he met with Jacqueline Roque, who in 1958 would become his wife and the inspiration for his series of portraits of statuary. In 1956, the French screens out documentary about the artist "The Mystery of Picasso."
The works of the last fifteen years of the artist's very diverse and are not equal in quality ("Workshop in Cannes," 1956). You can, however, highlight the Spanish inspiration ("Portrait of the Artist, in imitation of El Greco", 1950) and elements tavromahii (Picasso was a passionate fan of the popular bullfighting in southern France), expressed in drawings and watercolors in the spirit of Goya (1959-1968). Malaise own work marked a series of interpretations and variations on the theme of the famous painting "The girls on the bank of the Seine. By Courbet "(1950)," Algerian women. By Delacroix "(1955)," Las Meninas. According to Velázquez "(1957)," Breakfast on the Grass. By Mans "(1960). None of the critics was able to give a satisfactory explanation of this strange, bold compositions, even if they find its completion in really excellent pictures [citation 598 days].
Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in Mougins (France) in his villa Notre-Dame-de-Vie. He was buried near his castle belonged Vovenart.
Picasso had a tremendous influence on artists of all countries, making it one of the most famous masters in the art of XX century.
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