Refrigerator

Refrigerator - a device that supports a low temperature in a thermally insulated chamber. Usually used for storing food or items that should be kept in a cool place. Household refrigerator has almost every family in the developed countries. The work is based on the use of the refrigerator cooling unit, which transfers heat from the refrigerator out of the working chamber, where it is dissipated into the environment. There are also commercial refrigerators with a larger cooling capacity, which are used in catering and in shops and industrial refrigerators, the volume of the chamber which can be tens or hundreds of cubic meters, they are used, for example, meat processing plants, factories. Refrigerators can be divided into two types: medium-temperature chamber for food storage and low temperature freezers. Freezer - a separate unit or part of the refrigerator, intended for freezing and storing food. The temperature in the freezer is usually -18 ° C. Recently, the most widely used refrigerator, incorporating both components. The first two-compartment refrigerators were produced by History of the Storage space for products that fill with ice, there were several thousand years ago. For Nero servants harvested on frozen ponds in the mountains of snow and ice. Southern Europe for a long time did not even know that snow and ice can be useful in the economy. The famous traveler and merchant Marco Polo after a long stay in China, wrote a book in which he described all the advantages of ice and snow. From the XVIII century container of pottery and porcelain bottles filled with wine, and then stacked on top of crushed ice. Kind of
refrigerator served straight to the table. Russia has been widely used glaciers, which were a house, dug into the ground. Packed with a lot of snow and ice, covered with a thick slab, which was poured over the land and laid sod, a glacier allows you to store perishable foods for a long time. In 1686, Italian Francesco Procopio opened Café Procope in Paris, which is popular with Parisians, by the fact that it sold frozen sorbets and ice cream. In 1803, American businessman Thomas Moore, delivered in Washington butter, introduced the world to a prototype of a kitchen refrigerator, made by hand. Not being able to deliver the oil to the destination by special transport, it has developed, and then implement a model that allows you to store food for a long time. For the manufacture of refrigerated, that's a businessman named his invention, he needed thin sheets of steel, which was made oil tank. Wrapped rabbit skins, container was placed in a special tub made of cedar staves, and then covered with ice on top. Massively used in the middle of XIX century home ice. Externally, they can not be distinguished from ordinary kitchen cabinets. Rabbit skins for the insulation has been used, instead, filled with sawdust and cork. Compartment, which is filled with ice, in some models was below the camera for the products, and the other over her. Melt through the tap water is poured into a special tray. July 14, 1850 the American physician John Gorey first demonstrated the process of artificial ice in the machine he created. In his invention he used compression cycle technology, which is used in modern refrigerators, and the unit can serve as both a freezer and air conditioning. In 1857, Australian James Harrison began to use cold storage, working with the compressor, and myasoobrabatyvayuschey brewing industry. In 1857 was created the first rail car fridge. French scientist Ferdinand Carré in 1858 coined as by absorption of ammonia can be produced artificial cold - came up with the first absorption chiller. Despite the fact that his method was very successful, the invention of the forgotten for several decades. At the beginning of XX century was opened in Moscow firm that offers everyone the unit called "Eskimo". This machine was made on the basis proposed by Ferdinand Carre. With its large size, the unit does not make a loud noise and was universal. For work were needed coal, wood, kerosene or alcohol. One cycle of the "Eskimo" allowed to get 12 kg of ice. In 1879, the aristocrat of German Carl von Linde invented a device with a compressor, for which he used the ammonia. Through his chiller became possible to produce ice in a large quantity. These units are immediately bought many slaughterhouses and factories which manufacture food. The principle of operation was a cold brine circulating in pipes, which was branched, so the room in which to store the product is cooled. This invention allowed many entrepreneurs to open large refrigerated warehouses. The first domestic electric refrigerator was established in 1913. As industrial refrigerators, he worked with the principle of the heat pump. In the first domestic refrigerators as a coolant used rather toxic. In 1926, Albert Einstein and his former student Leo Szilard proposed embodiment of an absorption refrigerator, called Einstein. In 1926, the Danish engineer Christian Stinstrup introduced the world to quiet, friendly and durable refrigerator designed specifically for home. Sealed cap hid as an electric refrigerator, and its compressor. General Electric has acquired a patent for his invention. The first to be widely used in models Monitor-Top was made by General Electric in 1927. General Electric has sold over one million copies of Monitor-Top. Since 1930, as a refrigerant in domestic refrigerators use Freon. In the 1940s, appearing in the refrigerator freezer compartment, there are also stand-alone freezers. In the 1950-1960-ies on the market come with a refrigerator defrosting. In the USSR, the first examples of a domestic refrigerator manufactured in 1937. Serial production of refrigerators HTZ-120 began in 1939 at the Kharkov Tractor Plant. Capacity of the chamber was 120 liters, up to the beginning of World War II produced a few thousand copies. In 1951, the car plant VMS produced the first batch of refrigerators famous "Moscow". Refrigerators "Moscow" were of high quality workmanship and durability - many refrigerators are still working after half a century, but it was achieved at the cost of high complexity of manufacturing and consumption of large quantities of metal. By 1962 had refrigerators in the U.S. - 98.3% of households in Italy - 20%, and in the Soviet Union - 5.3% of families. By the end of 2007, a market leader in refrigeration company took the following [5]: Miele, BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte (Germany, brands Bosch, Gaggenau, Neff, Siemens); General Electric, Whirlpool (U.S. brands Whirlpool, Maytag ); Electrolux Group (Sweden, brand AEG-Electrolux, Electrolux, Zanussi); Indesit Company (Italy, brands Ariston, Indesit, Stinol); Candy Group (Italy, trademarks Candy, Hoover); Gorenje (Slovenia); " Atlas "(Belarus). Also expanded its presence in the market: Arcelik (Turkey, brand Beko, Blomberg); LG Electronics (Korea, the brand LG); Samsung Electronics (Korea, the brand name Samsung); Matsushita Electric Industrial (Japan, the brand name Panasonic); Sharp Electronics (Japan brand Sharp). In 90 years, Russia has been popular domestic brand refrigerators "Stinol" (Lipetsk).