Biography
Mozart was born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, then the capital of the former Archbishop of Salzburg, the city is now in Austria. On the second day after birth, he was baptized at St. Rupert. In the book of baptisms gives its name to the Latin as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus (Gottlieb) Mozart. In this name, the first two words - the name of St. John Chrysostom, is not used in everyday life, and the fourth in Mozart's life varied: Lat. Amadeus, it. Gottlieb, Italian. Amadeo, which means "beloved of God." Mozart himself preferred to be called Wolfgang.
Mozart's musical talent emerged at an early age, when he was about three years. His father Leopold was one of Europe's leading music teachers. His book, "The experience of a solid school of violin playing" (German Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule) was published in 1756 - the year of Mozart's birth, has withstood many editions and was translated into many languages, including Russian. Wolfgang's father taught the basics of playing the harpsichord, violin and organ.
In London, young Mozart was the object of research, and in Holland, during fasts strictly driven out music for Mozart was an exception because of his extraordinary talent clergy sees finger Bozhiy.V 1762 Mozart's father took his son and daughter, Anna, also a wonderful performer on the harpsichord, artistic journey to Munich, Paris, London and Vienna, and then in many other cities in Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. In the same year the young Mozart wrote his first composition. Everywhere he aroused surprise and delight, leaving the winner of the most difficult trials that are offered to people as well-versed in music, as well as amateurs. In 1763, first published in Paris Mozart's sonatas for harpsichord and violin. From 1766 to 1769 years, living in Salzburg and Vienna, Mozart studied works by Handel, Stradella, Carissimi, Durante and other great masters. By order of Emperor Joseph II Mozart wrote a few weeks for the Italian opera troupe "Imaginary simpleton" (Italian: La Finta semplice), but did not like the singers work 12-year old composer, their unwillingness to perform the opera eventually forced Leopold Mozart and withdraw insist. In the future, the singers will constantly complain that Mozart's operas in his silences them "too massive accompaniment" .
Mozart spent the years 1770-1774 in Italy. In 1770 in Bologna, he became acquainted with an extremely popular at the time in Italy, the composer Josef Myslivecek, the impact of the "Divine Bohemian" was so great that later, according to the similarity of style, some of his works attributed to Mozart, including the oratorio "Abraham and Isaac" .
In 1771, in Milan, again, with the opposition of theatrical impresario, however, was Mozart's opera "Mithridates, King of Pontus" (Italian Mitridate, Re di Ponto), which has been accepted by the public with great enthusiasm. With the same success was given his second opera, «Lucio Sulla» (Lucius Sulla) (1772). For Salzburg Mozart wrote "The Dream of Scipio" (Italian: Il sogno di Scipione), at the election of the new archbishop, 1772, in Munich - the opera «La bella finta Giardiniera», two Masses, Offertory (1774). When he was 17 years of his work, there are already four operas, several religious works, 13 symphonies, 24 sonatas, not to mention the weight of the smaller tracks.
In the years 1775-1780, in spite of concerns about financial security, fruitless trip to Munich, Mannheim and Paris, loss of mother, Mozart wrote, among other things, six clavier sonata, concerto for flute and harp, a large symphony № 31 D-dur, nicknamed Paris, several religious choirs, 12 ballet pieces.
In 1779, Mozart was the place of the court organist in Salzburg (collaborated with Michael Haydn). January 26, 1781 in Munich with great success was the opera "Idomeneo", denoting a certain twist in the works of Mozart. In this opera still visible traces of Old Italian opera seria (a large number of coloratura arias, party Idamanta written for a castrato), but the recitatives, and especially in the choir there is a new trend. A big step forward is noticed and in the instrumentation. During his stay in Munich for the Munich Mozart wrote Offertory Chapel «Misericordias Domini» - one of the finest examples of church music of the late XVIII century.
Viennese period
In 1781, Mozart finally settled in Vienna. At the turn of the 70-80's Emperor Joseph II was keen on the idea of the German national opera - singspiel for which back in 1776 in Vienna was closed on Italian opera. By order of the emperor in 1782, Mozart wrote to the German Singspiel troupe "The Abduction from the Seraglio" (German: Die Entführung aus dem Serail), acclaimed in Vienna and soon became widespread in Germany. However, on the success Mozart failed: in the same experiment in 1782 ended with Singspiel, and the emperor returned to Vienna, the Italian company.
In the same year, Mozart married Constanze Weber, sister Aloysia Weber, he was in love while in Mannheim. In the first years in Vienna, Mozart became widely known, popular his "academy" as they called the Vienna public author's concerts, which performed works of one composer, often by himself. It is for these "academies" wrote most of his clavier concertos. In the years 1783-1785 were created six famous string quartets that Mozart dedicated to Joseph Haydn, the master of the genre, and which he accepted with great respect. By this time is his oratorio «Davide penitente» (repentant David).
However, with the opera in Mozart's later years in Vienna evolved no better. Opera «L'oca del Cairo» (1783) and «Lo sposo deluso» (1784) remained unfinished. Finally, in 1786, was written and the opera "The Marriage of Figaro", which was the author of the libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. It had a good reception in Vienna, but after several representations had been removed and not put up in 1789, when Antonio Salieri resumed setting , who considered the "Marriage of Figaro" the best opera by Mozart. But in Prague, "The Marriage of Figaro" was a resounding success, the melodies of her singing on the street and in restaurants. Due to this success, Mozart received a new order, this time from Prague. In 1787 was published the new opera house, designed in collaboration with Da Ponte - "Don Giovanni» (Don Giovanni). This work, and still considered one of the world's best opera repertoire, in Prague, was an even bigger success than the "Marriage of Figaro."
Much less success fell to the lot of the opera in Vienna, in general since the "Figaro" by Mozart ohladevshey creativity. Mozart by Emperor Joseph received for "Don Juan" 50 ducats, and, according to John Rice, during 1782-1792 period it was the only case in which the composer is paid for the opera, ordered from Vienna. However, the public at large remained indifferent. From 1787 to stop its "academy", Mozart could not organize a performance of three of the latter, now the most famous symphonies: № 39 in E major (KV 543), № 40 in G minor (KV 550) and № 41 in C major "Jupiter" ( KV 551), written for six weeks in 1788, only three years later, one of them, Symphony № 40, A. Salieri was performed in charity concerts.
In late 1787, after the death of Christoph Willibald Gluck, Mozart was appointed "Imperial and Royal chamber musician" with a salary of 800 florins, but his duties were limited mainly to compose dances for masquerades, opera - a comic on the subject of social life - was Mozart ordered only once, and it was the «Così fan tutte» (1790).
Contents of 800 florins could not fully ensure Mozart obviously by this time he began to accumulate debt, compounded by the cost of treatment of ailing wife. Mozart gained disciples, however, according to estimates, there were not many. In 1789, the composer wanted to leave Vienna, but the steps he has traveled to the north, including in Berlin, expectations were not met and the material did not improve his position.
The story of how, in Berlin, he was invited to become the head of the court chapel of Frederick William II with content in 3000 thalers, Alfred Einstein refers to the realm of fantasy, as well as a sentimental reason for failure - as if out of respect for Joseph II . Frederick William II just made an order for six easy piano sonatas for his daughter and six string quartets for himself.
Money obtained during the trip, it was not enough. They barely had enough to pay off the debt of 100 guilders, which were taken from his brother Mason Gofmedelya for travel [citation needed 399 days]. In 1789, Mozart spent the Prussian king string quartet concerts with the party cello (D major).
According to John Rice, from the arrival of Mozart in Vienna, Emperor Joseph had given him more protection than any other Viennese musician, except Salieri. In February 1790, Joseph died, with the accession of Leopold II Mozart initially had great hopes, but to the new emperor had no access musicians. In May 1790 Mozart wrote to his son, Archduke Franz: "... My love for work and the consciousness of his skills allow me to write to you with a request for me Kapellmeister position, especially as Salieri, although experienced conductor, never engaged in church music ... ". But his hopes were dashed, Salieri remained at his post, and Mozart's financial situation was so desperate that he had to leave Vienna from persecution lenders to artistic journey a little bit to improve their business.
Last Year
Mozart's last opera became "Così fan tutte" (1790), "La Clemenza di Tito" (1791), enclosing a wonderful page, despite the fact that it was written in 18 days, and finally, "The Magic Flute" (1791 ). Introduced in September 1791, in Prague, for the coronation of Leopold II King of Bohemia, the opera "La Clemenza di Tito" was taken cold, "The Magic Flute", set in the same month in Vienna, in a suburban theater, however, was such a success, what Mozart in the Austrian capital, did not know for many years. In the vast and varied activities of Mozart the opera-tale stands out.
In May 1791 Mozart was appointed to the unpaid post of assistant conductor of the Cathedral of St. Stephen, the post gave him the right to be the death of the ailing conductor Leopold Hoffman, Hoffman, however, survived the Mozart .
Mozart, like most of his contemporaries, and a lot of attention to spiritual music, but great models in this area, he left a little: in addition to «Misericordias Domini» - «Ave verum corpus» (KV 618, 1791), written in quite typical Mozart's style, and majestically mournful Requiem (KV 626), on which Mozart worked for the last months of his life. The history of writing "Requiem." In July 1791 Mozart visited a mysterious stranger in a gray and ordered him to "Requiem" (funeral requiem mass). As established by the biographers of the composer, it was a messenger of Count Franz von Valzegg-Shtuppaha, play music dilettante, who loved to perform in his palace chapel, through its foreign works by buying composers authorship; requiem he wanted to honor the memory of his late wife. Work on the unfinished "Requiem," his terrific mournful lyricism and tragic emphasis, finished by his pupil Franz Xaver Zyusmayer previously took some part in the composition of the opera "La Clemenza di Tito."
Death of Mozart
Mozart died on December 5, 1791 approximately one hour after midnight (at the thirty-sixth year of life). Cause of Mozart's death is still a subject of controversy. Most researchers believe that Mozart actually died, as it was stated in the medical report , from rheumatic (millet), fever, possibly complicated by acute cardiac or renal failure. The famous legend of the composer Salieri poisoned Mozart and now supported by several musicologists, but any strong evidence of this version available . In May 1997, the court, sitting in the Milan Palace of Justice examined the case of Antonio Salieri for the murder of Mozart, gave him an acquittal.
Mozart's burial date is controversial (6 or 7 December). Around 3:00 pm Mozart's body was brought to the Cathedral of St. Stephen. It was held in a small chapel modest religious ceremony. How many of your friends and family were there, remains unknown. Hearse went to the cemetery after six in the evening, that is already in the dark. Seeing off the coffin did not follow him outside the city gates. Mozart was the burial place of St. Mark's Cemetery.
Mozart's funeral took place in the third grade. Buried in a single grave with a headstone or monument could only be the very rich and the nobles. According to the third category of the same mass graves were designed for 5-6 people. At the funeral of Mozart was not unusual for the time. This was not a "beggar's funeral." Impressive (though in the second category), Beethoven's funeral in 1827, were in a different era, and also reflect the dramatically increased social status of musicians, which struggled all his life Mozart himself.
For the Viennese Mozart's death passed almost unnoticed, but in Prague before a huge crowd (about 4,000 people) in the memory of Mozart after 9 days after the death of 120 musicians performed with special additions are written in 1776, "Requiem" by Antonio Rosetti
Creation
A distinctive feature of Mozart is a combination of rigorous, clear forms with deep emotion. The uniqueness of his work is that he not only wrote the transformation in all its forms and genres of the era, but each of them has left the work of lasting value. Mozart's music reveals many connections with different national cultures (especially Italian), though it belongs to the national soil and Vienna is printing the creative personality of the great composer.
Mozart - one of the greatest melodist. His melodies combines features Austrian and German folk songs with melodiousness Italian cantilena. Despite the fact that his works are distinguished poetic and subtle elegance, they often tune courageous character, with great pathos and dramatic contrasting elements .
Mozart gave special importance to the opera. His operas - an epoch in the development of this kind of music. Along with Gluck, he was the greatest reformer of the genre of opera , but in contrast, considered the foundation of the opera music. Mozart created a completely different type of musical drama, opera music which is in full communion with the development of stage action. As a consequence - in his operas are no clearly positive and negative characters, the characters vivid and multifaceted, shows the relationship between people, their feelings and aspirations. The most popular are the opera "The Marriage of Figaro," "Don Giovanni" and "The Magic Flute."
Much attention is paid Mozart symphonic music. Due to the fact that throughout his life he worked in parallel on operas and symphonies, his instrumental music is different melodiousness operatic arias and dramatic conflict. The most popular are the last three symphonies - № 39, № 40 and № 41 ("Jupiter"). Mozart also became one of the founders of the genre of classical concert.
Instrumental chamber works by Mozart presents a variety of ensembles (from duos to quintets) and piano works (sonatas, variations, fantasies). Mozart refused the harpsichord and clavichord, possessing over weaker piano sound. Mozart's piano style is elegant, crisp, well crafted melodies and accompaniment.
The composer created many sacred works: the Mass, a cantata, oratorio, and the famous Requiem.
Thematic catalog of Mozart's works, with notes, compiled Kehelem («Chronologisch-thematisches Verzeichniss sämmtlicher Tonwerke WA Mozart's», Leipzig, 1862), is that in 550 pages. To calculate Kehelya, Mozart wrote 68 sacred works (Mass, Offertory, hymns, etc.), 23 works for the theater, 22 Sonatas for Harpsichord, 45 Sonatas and Variations for Violin and Harpsichord, 32 string quartets, 50 symphonies, 55 concertos and etc., a total of 626 works.
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